Zou Gal (1917-19) leh Chivu

- Dr. S. Thangboi

TULAITAH Chivu min loibang in thang hi, adieh in ei CCPur district lam ah. Tukum April 16 nia Manipur solkar in Chivu mun ah 607.5 sq. metre a lien Manipur leng Chandrakirti Memorial Park bawl ding ahidan, leh dangka crore tampi 'invest' a bawlkhiet ding ahidan a'ng gen leh mipite lunglai hing phawng guih hiding hia, alang-langa houlimna in kizang hi. Tua igen utpen ahileh GoM in Tongjang khuogei a Chivu diil ah Park bawl thei va, ahisih, leh bawlthei sih va, chilampang hizaw lou in, Chivu khu Zou Gal (1917-19) lai in bang tobang dinmun in ana um in, bangtan in mituom-tuom, adieh in khuo hausa (chiefs) te leh British solkar in ana sai khai na ki 'contest' uai, chi isut ut zaw hi.

Chivu khu singtangmi (Zo suon) te tanchin (history) ah bangchi'n ana kigen in, bangtan in Zou nam (tribe) toh kizopna ana nei ei, chi sui vai. Kum 1870 masang lai apat in Lushai (Mizo) hausaten agam kiim leh pam a phaijangmite (British subjects-te) ahun-hun in ana siim ua, salmat-galmat in ana pui ua, mihing hinna zong tampi ana la uh, chi history mun tampi apat ina thei uhi. British sokar in zong Lushai hausate bilsih (punish) ding in alang-lang ah ana kisa khol uhi. Silachar, Chittagong, Burma leh Manipur apat galkap khom in Lushai Hills vabulu ua, tuakhu Lushai Expedition (1971-72) nakichi hi (Reid, 1908:29).

Tuanah, Manipur gam pen British in athuneina nuoi (protectorate state) ah ana koijou ahita hi. Tuajieh in Britishte panpi ding in simlam (south) naw in hing kuonsuh ua, December 1871 apat March 1872 kikal sungvel Chivu mun ah kikul uhi. Tuahunlai tah in Guite hausapu Goukothang leh a galkapte zong Sukte lengpa Khua Chin thupiehna nuoi ah mangkangte panpi a Lushaite dou ding in suohlam gamkai Lushai Hills ah va lut uhi. A khuo Mualpi (Tedim gei) juon a ang kilelam un, Chivu mun ah hing suoh phei ua, Meitei galkap lamkai General Thangal leh asepaiten chalak in ana zawl (solh) in Goukhothang leh amite ana man uhi. Theidia poimaw khat ahileh, Meitei lengpa toh Sukte lengte akhang-khang a ana kidousa uh ahia, nanleh British-Burma leh British-India government in Lushaite ang dou dikuon in, Chin Hills a Sukte lengpa panpina ana ngen uhi. Tuamabang in India a British ten Manipur lengpa (athuneina nuoi a akoih uh) kithuopina zong ngen uhi. Tua ahina ah, Sukte-te leh Meiteite tungah kidouna ana um nawn tadi lou phot in, a-ut leh da un Britishte panpitu leh zatthei tah in anapang mai uhi. Tuajieh in Raja Goukhothang in Chandrakirti sepaite ana tahsang khiel kha, chi ding ahi(Carey & Tuck-I,1896:122-124).

Manipuri galkapte vakuon pen itheisa uh ana hita a, gensau zong ngai nonlou hi. Hinanleh, isuichien utpen ahileh tuami hun -1871 masang apat, Chivu leh akiim ah koite ana teeng in ana khosa uoi? Chipen ahi.

Zoute Manipur a ana tenglut dan

Zou namte tanchin isui chiang in, hunkhat lai in Burma ah thaneijou tah ana hidan uh (mahni kipohna lou in) ana kithei hi, tuajou in, thaneijou nonlou ahidan uh an kimu kia hi. Tedim Thukizakna Lai kichi 1911 lai apat Chin Hills tanchin ana gelzel na uah, Zou/Zo te tanchin ana tuong kha hi. Kum 1800s kim lahvel in Zouten Tedim khuo Kamhau Sukte thuneina apat ana lahkhie uhi. Kamhau zong Mualbem khuo ah apa Khanthuam kung ah vatai a, panpina va ngen in, tuajou kum sawtlou nua in Tedim khuo Zoute apat ana lakia hi. Tedim mai hitalou in akimvel a Zou khuo umteng aban-ban in Kamhau in opkhum tou-tou hi. Tuachin Zoute atamzaw Kamhau hausatna nuoi ah sieh(tax) peding in kipelut ua, nanleh khenkhat utlou in mallam (north) naw in ana peitoutou in tunia Manipur a Zoute tenna gam (area) ana tung uhi (David V. Zou, 2017:65-66).

Kamhau Sukte nuoi a um utloute tua Manipur gam ana tun tou lai un khuo ana sat tha ua, tuate khu: Chaizel (Chairel), Siallup, Khuakung, Mukhua chite ana hi ahi. Kum 1843-1850 kikal in Zouten Thangkhal, Bumzang, Tualmu, Zojang, Gamngai, Geljang leh Phaitu apat in hing pem in, tua Manipur ah khotha Zoupi, Lungpi, Kawvang, Nahit, Kathung, Khuamun, Samtal, Beellei, chite ana sat uhi. Amaute atangpi in Mate, Suantak, Milun, Tungdim, Mimvah, Tungnung, Phiamphu leh Lianzaw bete ana hi uhi. Sukte toh ana buoi masang un zong kielpi (famine) zieh in Zoute pawlkhat Chin Hills nusie in ana tai (pem) ta uhi. Kum 1850 bullai vel in Singpi Taam (famine) zieh in Khuongnung khoten akhuo nataisan uhi. 1843 Kum in Pu Mangkhokam leh akai zatamten Chin Hills a Khuadai nusie in Manipur a Buhsau khuo ana sat uhi. Pu Langza leh akai-ten Khuangnung nusie in Lungchin khuo ana sat uhi. Behieng khuo ahileh Pu Langzachin in ana sat hi. Pu Goulun lamkai na'n pawlkhat in Hiangtam Tualeh Pu Langkai leh Langkam Makai natoh honkhat in Phaipheng, Aina, tuabanah ah Nungsai khuo ana sat uhi (Thangsuanhang 2017:112-113). Tuamabang in Zou khuo tuom tuom Singngat, Khaukuol, Munpi, Theigotang, Tuidam, ichite awl-awl in ana kisat jel hi.

P.S. Khamdounang in 1994 a Upto Date History of Zo laibu ah, Kum 1855 in Zoute hunkhop piin Manipur lengpa dou din Pu Khanthuam Sukte ana jui ua, hinanleh Chin Hills ah kinuale nonlou in Manipur ah ana tengden uh, chi'n giel hi. Tualou in zong, kum 1862 lai in Manipuri lengpan Chin Hills a Zoute khuo Khienglam tan hing bulu tou in, Zou nam sung a Taithul, Milun leh Phiamphute hunkhop galmat in ana pui hi, kichi hi. Amaute Kumbi phaijang lah ah ana teengsah uhi. Alexander Mackenzie in 1877-78 kikal in Zou leh Guite agawm in mihing 2000 val Manipur ah pemlut ua, Moirang khokiim lah a tenna ding gam ana hawm pieh uh, chiin ana giel hi (Thangsuanhang:112-113).

Zoute tenna gam pen Northern Chin Hills dan a nakithei hinanleh, British solkar in 1894 a Manipur-Chin Boundary hing giit tha kia in, tuanah Zou khuo tampi Manipur lam ah kailut (included) in ana um hi. Hinanleh, Carey and Tuck in The Chin Hills-Vol.II(1896: cxx-cxxvi)  laibu ah, Manipur lam a um Zou khuo 16 ana gellutdan gen hi. Tuami khuote ahileh:
1. Bweltung 2. Chenglam 3. Chilpi 4. Kwunkai 5. Lenkut 6. Loibwel 7. Mulam 8. Nabu 10. Savum 11. Tanvum 12. Tunkwa 13. Tunzan 14. Twidam 15. Twitum 16. Vanglai.  (p. cxx)

Khienglam (Chenglam) khu 1880 kum in akholui uh Khienglam (Chenglam) – Chin Hills apat in ana pem uhi. Khuangkhai (Kwenkai) khuo tha inn 10 pha ua, hausa (chief) Tumkithang leh Hemzahau ahi ua, Tuidam khogei ah um hi.  Mulam khuo ahileh inn 60 hi a, kho hausapa Powkolyin (Paukholian) ahi. Tunzan (Tonjang) khua inn 60 um a, hausapa min Twunkalet (Tuankholet) ahi. [Adangte genkim zou sih vai] Igen utpen ahileh kum 1840s lai apat tua itenna Manipur sung ah Zou namte ana tengzou thamta ahidan tahlat ahi (Carey & Tuck-II, 1896).

Zou Gal lai Chivu dinmun

Zoute leh Chivu in kizopna thuuhpi ana neidan en vai. Kum 1917-19 kikal in Zoute leh Thadou ten Britishte ana dou uhi. France gam lam a galpi khatna ah pawtpuo ding ana utlou jieh a ana dou uh ahi. Zouten Northern Chin Hills a Kamhau gal leh Pawigal thuohla jieh un, tunia atenna gamteng uh ana luo ta uhi. Tuanah Chivu diil umna khu Tonjang hausapu gam ana hi a, muntuom tuom a Chi la ut te kuah sieh (tax) ana khon zel hi.

Zou Gal ang um chiang in Zou-gam teng ana ling ta a, Zoute dinmun pen dengdel thei dinmun in ana um hi. Tuami buoihun khu midang (Unau) khenkhatten lemtanna a la in Chivu leh akimvel a phaijangte, Behieng phaijangte leh Ngaljang gamte bang deigawna mit toh ana en pawl um hi. Tami eima sonsat thu hilou a British document-te apat a athu umdan kimu tehteh te igen ahizaw hi. Khat khat in envai:

1. Kum 1918 in Thangtual kichi Pangmual Post (Chin Hills) a mangkang sepaite kamlettu in ana pang a, sepaite peina teng ah jui kawikawi hi. Ama khu Selam khuo (Vaikhotlang range, Mizoram) hausapu ahi. Aman Aizawl a Borsap–British Superintendentpu kung ah laithon in, Chivu diil leh aphaijangteng loulai a bawl ding in ana ngen hi. Tuamai hilou in, Tonjang ten British tung a helna ana bawljieh ua, agambupi lahsah (confiscate) ahi ngeingei leh "kei hing pie in" chiin British sappa kung ah ana ngen hi. British sap kung ah tambang in giel hi:
"…tabang in Solkar kathei tawp in kana kithuopina tung ah sum leh pai bangma kang ngen sih ding hi. Nanleh, ajatathuoi Pu aw, lou-a kabawl ding in Chivu phaijang hing pie in, kakhua apat nikhat lampi ahia Manipur gamhuom sunga um ahi."[1]

2. March 21, 1918 a Tonjang khuo mangkang sap Mr. Cosgrave (Political Agent) leh asepaiten ana opkhum ni un, Pu Semthong, Suongpi hausapu in Cosgrave kung ah Chivu diil ana ngen hi. Tuami masang deu in Tonglon hausapu Pumjakham (leng Hauchinkhup sanggampa zong kichi) in zong Mr. Higgins (Political Officer) kung ah Chivu diil ana ngen jou thamta hi. [2]

3. Thangtual in Chivujang leh Tonjang gam anget pen Higgins in pe nuom lou hi. Ajieh Tonjang gam lahsah/suhsah a aum ding lehzong ama di'a gin-umtah a nasem Pumjakham in atang ding kilawm in deisah zaw ahidan Lushai Hills Borsap (mangkangsap) kungah gen hi.[3]

4. Zouten gal ahing kipat chieng Chivu apat ah chi laah ana kham dan uh hituah. Tuamin  Sukte hausapu Hauchinkhup sulung na mama in Chin Hills a Superintendent of Falam kuah thu tut hi. Tuachin Falam a mangkangsap in Manipur political agent Higgins kung ah telegram kintah in thot a, thu umdan tabang in gen hi: "Chibu (Chivu) Kamhow (Kamhau) miten azah ding uh naphal ei? Ahitheileh galvan tawi pum a amuntan kahing pei ding uh bangchi nasa ei, Kuki (Zou) helte ana tatsie kha uleh kivenna dingin" chiin dong hi. Manipur sappan hichiin dawng hi: "Chibu a temporary post na koi ding uh khawh kasa sih ajiehpen Chibu nai ah lampi (bridle path) hoitah Chin Hills toh kizop in aki hung hi. Kamhow miten Chibu azah ding kaphal a, tualeh mihel (Zou) ten asuhbuoi uleh kaptheina ding phalna zong kang pie hi" chi hi.[4]

5. Chivujang lunggulna athawn ahitah man in, Pu Thangtual in zong Lushai Hills sappa kung ah Behiengjang munteng tenna ding leh tuilou (terraced field) bawlna ding in ngen kia leu-leu hi. Hichin petition giel hi: "Kapu, ningkum a Chivuphai kangna nget pen Manipur sap in midang kapieh ding, achijieh in, tun Behieng gam ah inn 50 vel  tuilou bawl thei nading mun um a, hepitah in Behieng gam kei a dingin hing bawlpieh ding in kang ngen hi. Loubawlna ding mun zong Chivujang saangin atamzaw ngal a."[5]

6. Lushai Hills Sappan Pu Thangtual deisah mama hiding hia, kintah in angetna bawjuipieh ngal a, Manipur sappa kung ah telegram thot pai in "Behieng gam pen ahithei dingleh Thangtual ana pie in", chiin recommend hi. Hinanleh, gal beikuon lam ahita a, Behieng hausapu Langzachin British te khut ah October 22, 1918 kum ah ana kipelut ta hi. Tuajieh in Behieng leh Chivu gam ana dei gaw mithumte – Pu Thangtual, Pu Semthong leh Pu Pumjakham, kinepna uh thawn vawt hi. Assam lam apat British solkar thupieh hingtung a, hausa helte hunchiem sunga solkar khut ah akipiehlut uleh koima gam suhsah (confiscate) ahisih ding, chi ahi. Tuajieh in Manipur sap Cosgrave in Aijawl sappa lai hichin thuh kia hi:
"Langzachin, Behieng hausapu, agalvante leh a inn-khasana toh hing kipelut ta hi. Higgins, Manipur Political Officer leh Manipur Darbar President-pu in hausa helte gam lahpieh ding chipen kadeidan uh ahi sih hi, ajieh maban ah silhoilou tampi hing tun thei ding ahiman in. Tuajieh in Behieng gam Thangtuala hi in midang hitaleh, koima kipe theilou ding ahi" chi hi.[6]

Maban a khangsonte tunga kisietna chii ana tu khah ding uh British solkar ana pilvang mama ua, vaihawm ana siemdan uh muthei in um hi.

Scholars khen khat in Zou Gal lai a hausa khenkhatte, adieh a, Tonjangpa leh Behiengpa in bangjieh a gal ana pat ua, sapkangte ana dou uh e? chi akhuolna uah, agam lei leh gou (land & resources) kituna um a, tuamite huuhna ding, midangten thagum a ana lahpieh louna ding ua, helna ana bawl uh ahi, chiin ana gen uhi. Zou Gal khu Gam leh leitang kituna jieha a zong hing kuong khie ana dan gen uhi (David V.Zou 2017:216).

Bangteng hileh Carey and Tuck (1896:cxxiv) in, nidang lai 1890s kum lai in, Tonjang khuote  ana kigal-gin zing ua, akhokiim uah kulbang (stockade) ana bawlta uh ahidan ana gen hi. Tua ahileh khanglui hun in khuo khat leh khat kisim tuo leh kidouna ana um jel ahidan kilang hi. Zoute namkhat leh kengkhat a ana dingkhomna uh kum 1840s lai pi a nakipan ahi, chi Chin Hills tangthute ah ina mu uhi. Tuajou in 1917 apat in khatvei toh ana ding khom kia ua leitunga gam hatpen British Empire nasan na dou ngam kia uhi. Hinanleh Zou Gal a pu-le-pa ten ahinna leh sisan phaljen a ana hutkhiet uh gam leh goute (adieh in Chivujang) khu, tukhang Zouta ten a kembit in ahung jou na uai? Chi dohtham ching ta hi.

NOTES
[1] Mizoram State Archive (MZSA hereafter), Political Department, C.B No. 9, File No. 85:From Thangtuala to the Superintendent of Aijal, dated 23rd may 1918.

[2] Manipur State Archives, Imphal, Political Department, R-1:S-1/12: Tour Diary of Political Agent 1916-1918, p.8.

[3] MZSA, Aizawl, Poltical Department, C.B No. 9, File No.85: From W. A Cosgrave, political Agent in Manipur to the Superintendent, Lushai Hills, Aijal, dated Imphal the 20th June 1918'.

[4] MZSA, Aizawl, Poltical Department, C.B No. 9, File No.85: Copy of Telegram No. 255, dated the 17th June 1918.

[5] MZSA, Aizawl, Poltical Department, C.B No. 9, File No.85: From Thangtuala to the Superintendent of Lushai Hills, dated Tawnjang 12th January 1919.

[6] MZSA, Aizawl, Political Department, C.B No. 9, File No. 58: Copy of telegram No. 416 P, from the Political Imphal to the Commandant 1st Lushai Hills Battalion, dated 22nd October 1918.

*REFERENCES*
~A.S. Reid (1908): Chin-Lushai Land, FIRMA –KLM Pvt. Ltd., Aizawl.

~B.S. Carey & H.N. Tuck (1896): The Chin Hills, Volume I, Rangoon, Burma.

~B.S. Carey & H.N. Tuck (1896): The Chin Hills, Volume II, Rangoon, Burma.

~Thangsuanhang (2017): Settlement History before the era of national boundaries: A case Study of the Zou in present day Manipur, Zou & Zou (ed) A History of the Zou People, Churachandpur: UZO-India.

~David V. Zou (2017): Land Claims and Anglo-Zou conflict, 1917-19, Zou & Zou (ed) A History of the Zou People, Churachandpur: UZO-India.

Courtesy: Zogam Today | 19-05-2020
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